The history of science and technology in China is both long and rich, with many notable contributions. In antiquity, independently of Greek philosophers and other civilizations, ancient Chinese philosophers made significant advances in science, technology, mathematics, and astronomy. The first recorded observation of comets, solar eclipses, and supernovae were made in China. Traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture and herbal medicine were also practiced. Among the earliest inventions were the abacus, the “shadow clock”, and the first flying machines such as kites and Kongming Lanterns. Besides, China has given the world such scientific marvels as the four great inventions of Ancient China: the compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and printing. These four inventions are celebrated in Chinese culture for their historical significance and as signs of ancient China’s advanced science and technology and contribution to the world that had tremendous effects on human civilization and development by people. According to English philosopher Francis Bacon, writing in the seventeenth century: “Printing, gunpowder and the compass: these three have changed the whole face and state of things throughout the word; the first in literature, the second in warfare, the third in navigation, whence have followed innumerable changes, in so much that no empire, no sect, no star seems to have exerted greater power and influence in human affairs than these mechanical discoveries.”

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